Article usage statistics combine cumulative total PDF downloads and full-text HTML views from publication date (but no earlier than, launch date of this. Share your news with SAS! Emerging Leader in Molecular Spectroscopy. SAS 2018 Strategic Fund - Play a. ©2016 Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy. 1 November 2015, Volume 69, Issue 11, pp. 1217-1354 17 articles. Actions. Export Citations as; BibTex. 1217-1228 (2015) View: PDF. Smith Applied Ir Spectroscopy. Smith Applied Ir Spectroscopy的文档,希望对您的工作和学习有所帮助。以下是文档介绍:播放器加载中,请稍候..系统无法检测到您的Adobe Flash Player版本建议您在线安装最新版本的Flash Player 在线安装下载所得到的文件列表Smith Applied Ir Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, and it is also the official journal for this. Applied Optics; Applied Spectroscopy. (2016) View: PDF. It is published by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and available from SAS and OSA. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy reports on key applications of spectroscopy in, physics, chemistry, material science, medicine, biology, ecology and spectral. The online version of Applied Spectroscopy by Jerry Workman, Jr. and Art W. Springsteen on ScienceDirect.com, the world's leading platform for high quality peer. Smith Applied Ir Spectroscopy.pdf 下载前请先预览,预览内容跟原文是一样的,在线预览图片经过高度压缩,下载原文更清晰。 0/100 您的浏览器不支持进度条 淘豆网网友. We offer gauges for the photodiode array spectroscopy, film thickness measurement and plasma emission monitoring, especially for in-line measurement tasks. Applied Spectroscopy Pdf Download Book: Applied Spectroscopy Pdf Download or Read Online Book Applied Spectroscopy Pdf Book Collections in PDF Format From The Best.
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American Nurses Association Silver Spring, Maryland 2010 Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses Interpretation and Application editor: Martha D. M. Fowler, PhD, MDiv, MS, RN, FAAN © 2008 American Nurses Association. All. At the forefront of nursing responsibilities into the 1960s, and this assumption was still reflected in the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses as late as 1965. By 1973, however, the focus of the ICN code reflected a shift in. Intro to Psych Ethics 6 ACTIVITIES Chapter Introduction Activity Name Jeopardy Game: APA Ethics Code APA Learning Outcome 1.2.e. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding representing appropriate breadth and depth in selected. ANA Code of Ethics Review The first ANA code of ethics was formally adopted by ANA in 1950. The last update prior to 2015 was in 2001. Correctly noting that the practice of nursing has evolved in its art and science along with. Official website for the American Nurses Association, part of the ANA Enterprise, featuring nursing news, professional development and continuing education for nurses. 1 National Student Nurses’ Association, Inc.® Code of Ethics: Part II Code of Academic and Clinical Conduct and Interpretive Statements Adopted by the NSNA Board of Directors, October 27, 2009 in Phoenix, AZ As students are. From the American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The activity questions have been updated and revised by ACP staff and members of the Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee in December 2014. The American Nurses Association is proud to announce a completely updated Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements (The Code). NursingWorld | Code of Ethics Code of Ethics for Nurses With Interpretive Statements 2001 Approved Provisions Back to the Code of Ethics page Table of Contents Preface Provision 1. The nurse, in all professional relationships. Ana Code Of Ethics Pdf 2015DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "- //W3. C//DTD XHTML 1. 0 Transitional//EN". TR/xhtml. 1/DTD/xhtml. Generator" content="NReadability 1. Handheld. Friendly" content="true" />
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. Keywords" content="" /> Disk Defragmenter (Windows) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Download software in the Boot Manager/Disk category. Windows 10 64 bit / Windows 10 / Windows Server 2012 / Windows 2008 R2 / Windows 2008 64 bit / Windows 2008. Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a. EaseUSPartition Master Free 10.8 | New Version. Free Disk Partition Manager Software Free disk partition management tool allows to extend C drive (system partition. It’s always a good idea to run regular maintenance tasks like Disk Cleanup on your Windows machine to help keep it running smoothly. Today we take a look at how to. The Logical Disk Manager (LDM) is an implementation of a logical volume manager for Microsoft Windows NT, developed by Microsoft and Veritas Software. A quick way to open the Disk Management utility in Windows is from the Command Prompt. Just type a short command and Disk Management starts instantly. How To Open Disk Management in Windows. The most common, and operating system independent, way to open Disk Management is via the Computer Management. Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk.[1] Beginning with Windows XP, Disk Defragmenter also reduces system startup times.[citation needed]Early history[edit]As early as the end of 1. IBM PC DOS operating system that shipped with early IBM Personal Computers included a Disk Volume Organization Optimizer to defragment the 5. Вј- inch floppy disks that those machines used. Microsoft's MS- DOS did not defragment hard disks. Several third party software developers marketed defragmenters to fill this gap. MS- DOS 6. 0 introduced Defrag. Windows NT, however, did not offer a Defrag utility, and Symantec was suggested as a possible source of the utility.[2]Initial releases of Windows NT lacked a defragmentation tool. Versions through Windows NT 3. Executive Software, later renamed Diskeeper Corporation, released Diskeeper defragmentation software for Windows NT 3. NT kernel and file system drivers that could move clusters. Microsoft included file system control (FSCTL) commands to move clusters in the Windows NT 4. NTFS and FAT3. 2 partitions. However, Windows NT 4. Disk Defragmenter also shipped as part of Windows 9. Windows 9. 8 and Windows Me. It could be scheduled using a Maintenance Wizard and supported command line switches.[4] This version had the limitation that if the contents of the drive changed during defragmentation, it rescanned the drive and restarted the process from where it left off.[5]The Disk Defragmenter in Windows 2. Diskeeper, licensed from Diskeeper Corporation. It uses the following techniques: [3]Moving all the index or directory information to one spot. Moving this spot into the center of the data, i. Moving infrequently used files further from the directory area. Obeying a user- provided table of file descriptions to emphasize or ignore. Making files contiguous so that they can be read without unnecessary seeking. In Windows 2. 00. Disk Defragmenter has the following limitations: It does not defragment files residing in the Recycle Bin or files that are in use.[6] In particular, this includes the registry, page file and hibernation file. Prior to the Windows Vista release, only one volume could be analyzed or defragmented at a time and only one instance could run.[7]Only local volumes can be defragmented; network volumes are not supported.[7]The GUI version prior to Windows Vista cannot be scheduled. However, the command line utility since Windows XP and later can be scheduled.[citation needed]Unlike previous versions, the GUI version in Windows Vista does not display a map of disk fragmentation, nor does it display progress during defragmentation.[citation needed]In addition, the Windows 2. Windows XP: [7]Defragmenting NTFS volumes with cluster sizes larger than 4 kilobytes (KB) is not possible. It is not possible to perform fine- grained movement of uncompressed NTFS file data in Windows 2. Moving a single file cluster also moves the 4 KB part of the file that contains the cluster. EFS encrypted files are not defragmented. Windows XP and Server 2. Windows Disk Defragmenter was updated to alleviate some restrictions.[8] It no longer relies on the Windows NT Cache Manager, which prevented the defragmenter from moving pieces of a file that cross a 2. KB boundary within the file. NTFS metadata files can also be defragmented. A command- line tool, defrag. Task Scheduler. In Windows XP, if the Master File Table (MFT) is spread into multiple fragments, defrag. GUI version can combine the MFT fragments during defragmentation.[1. Windows Vista and Server 2. In Windows Vista, Disk Defragmenter includes an option to automatically run at scheduled times using Task Scheduler and uses low CPU priority and the newly introduced low priority I/O algorithm so that it can continue to defrag using reduced resources (less CPU and disk read/write activity) when the computer is in use. The user interface has been simplified, with the color graph, progress indicator, disk analysis and fragmentation information being removed entirely. If the fragments of a file are over 6. MB in size, the file is not defragmented if using the GUI; Microsoft has stated that this is because there is no discernible performance benefit since the time seeking such large chunks of data is negligible compared to the time required to read them.[1. The result, however, is that Disk Defragmenter does not require a certain amount of free space in order to successfully defrag a volume, unlike performing a full defragmentation which requires at least 1. The command line utility, Defrag. This utility can be used to defragment specific volumes or to just analyze volumes as the defragmenter would in Windows XP. Disk Defragmenter is maintained by Microsoft's Core File Services. The Windows Vista version has been updated in Windows Vista SP1 to include the improvements made in Windows Server 2. The most notable of these improvements is that the ability to select which volumes are to be defragged has been added back.[1. Notably, the Windows Vista defragmenter is much more effective than the version included with XP.[1. Windows 7 and later[edit]Windows 7 reintroduces the analyze function and showing percent complete of the defragmentation, both of which were removed in Windows Vista. It can also defragment multiple volumes simultaneously. According to Scott Hanselman of Microsoft, Windows 7 and later do defragment a solid- state disk (SSD) but in a completely different way. There is less incentive for defragmentation of SSDs because file fragmentation has less performance impact on them and they handle a finite number of storage cycles before their lifespan expires. However, file systems cannot support infinite file fragmentation as they reach their metadata limit. In addition, Disk Defragmenter is also responsible for performing the TRIM command on SSDs.[1. See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]. VBoot Instructionsupdated on Nov- 1. Copyright © 2. 01. VMLite Corporation. Contents. Download and Extract. Install VBoot Loader. Install Windows XP to a virtual disk file. Install Windows 7/2. R2/Windows 8 3. 2- and 6. Install Vista/2. 00. Install Vista, 2. Windows 7, Windows 8, 2. Install Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and 2. Converting virtual disk files to become bootable via VBoot. Virtual disk paths. Converting virtual disk files between different formats. Differencing disk files and snapshots. Offline Virtual Disk Access. Merge, Compact and Expand virtual disk files. Updating VBoot. VBoot Command Options. Troubleshooting. 1. Download and Extract. After download, unzip the package to \vboot folder on your boot partition. It. must be inside \vboot folder. Usually c: \vboot, or d: \vboot folder. The boot. partition is the partition that contains the ntldr file for Windows XP, or the. Vista, Windows 7 and 8. For Vista and Windows 7 and 8, vboot. Boot directory that. Windows. Boot partition is not necessary same as your Windows. After extraction, the directory structure should look like this. C: \.| vbootldr| vbootldr. The tools directory contains tools that are not needed to boot the virtual. Install VBoot Loader. After you extracted the vboot zip file, you need to install it in order to boot. VBoot. There are two ways, the first and safest way is to chainload from. Windows boot manager, which keeps all of your Windows boot. VBoot appears as an extra boot entry from the Windows boot manager. The second way is to install VBoot directly to the hard disk or to a USB drive. VBoot Loader will be the first program to run after your PC powers on, which. Windows Boot Manager, so you don't need Windows Boot Manager at all. Chainloading from Windows Boot Manager. If your current host is Windows, then you already have Windows boot manager. PC powers on. We need to. Windows boot manager for VBoot, so you can click this entry. VBoot boot menu. 2. Automatic Setup by running VBoot. Edit. exe. It's highly recommend that you use this method to setup VBoot on Windows, since. You simply run the following. Windows. vbootedit. Windows. This utility will install VBoot Loader, and configure the Windows boot loader to. VBoot. After the above command is successfully run, you reboot the computer, and you. VBoot" entry as the last one. Manual Setup. If somehow the automatic setup doesn't work, then you can perform the following. Copy VBoot Loader Files. The VBoot loader is based on GNU GRUB2, and its files are located in vboot sub directory. C: \. The fonts directory contains font files to be used by. The grub directory contains grub. For example, if you want to copy the files to C: \, you need to copy the vboot. Then you must copy. The following commands can be used to copy the files. Make sure to run from the. Obviously, if you have already extracted the vboot zip file to. Configure Windows Boot Loader. Once VBoot Loader files are copied, you need to configure Windows boot manager to. VBoot entry. 2. 1. Windows XP. You need to append the vbootldr. The following is sample boot. VBoot entry added at the very last. Shown in red is what you need to. Change C: to whatever drive you. VBoot Loader files.[boot loader]. WINDOWS. [operating systems]. WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /noexecute=optin /fastdetect. C: \vbootldr. mbr="VBoot"2. Windows Vista/2. 00. Windows Vista and above use a different mechanism other than boot. The. following are the commands to run if you have copied VBoot Loader to drive C. You must rum these commands as Administrator. Go to Windows Start menu > All. Programs > Accessories, then right click on "Command Prompt", then select "Run. As Administrator". Once command prompt window is open, you can enter these. D3. DCE9. 97- 7. 44. FC- 9. 74. 0- A8. D2. 0EE3. BF5. 5} /d "VBoot" /application BOOTSECTOR. D3. DCE9. 97- 7. 44. FC- 9. 74. 0- A8. D2. 0EE3. BF5. 5} device partition=C. D3. DCE9. 97- 7. 44. FC- 9. 74. 0- A8. D2. 0EE3. BF5. 5} path \vbootldr. D3. DCE9. 97- 7. 44. FC- 9. 74. 0- A8. D2. 0EE3. BF5. 5} /addlast. Installing VBoot Loader directly to a hard disk or external USB drive. VBoot Loader is an independent piece of software, it does not depend on Windows. VBoot itself can boot your virtual disk files or cdrom ISO. However, in this case, you need to install VBoot Loader directly to the. USB drive. This way, VBoot. Loader will be the first program to run after your PC powers on. From here, you. can also chainload to your Windows boot manager, please refer to GRUB2 user. Note that once you installed VBoot Loader to a hard disk, your original Windows. VBoot. to your real hard disk, unless you are absolutely clear in what you are doing. Otherwise, chainloading from Windows boot manager is the safest way to go. To install VBoot Loader to a hard disk or external USB drive, you run this. C: /mbr. Obviously, you need to replace the drive letter with your hard disk or USB. Once installed, when you power on your PC, you will first. VBoot boot menu appears. If for some reason, it does not show up, you can. Shift key while your PC is booting up. Chainloading from other boot loaders. It s. It should be very easy to chainload from other boot loaders. Chainloading from GRUB2. VBOOT" {. set root='(hd. Install Windows XP to a virtual disk file. Once you have VBoot Loader installed, you can now proceed to install a fresh. On your host disk, create a virtual disk file. VBoot support VHD/VMDK/VDI. For example, you can use this command to create 4. G dynamic VHD. c: \vboot\tools\x. You can use /format. Edit and configure grub. You need to follow these 3 steps to install Windows XP/2. Note that you must adjust all of the. First step. menuentry "XP Install Step 1" {. If you don't want to manually edit grub. Note that you have to use Windows paths as input to vbootedit program. XP Install Step 1" harddisk=c: \winxp. After you boot to this entry, you will see the normal Windows XP setup screens. At one step, you need to select a disk to install XP, make sure you select the. VBOOTMP. After first reboot, you. XP Install Step 2" {. If you don't want to manually edit grub. Note that you have to use Windows paths as input to vbootedit program. XP Install Step 2" harddisk=c: \winxp. After another reboot, your virtual disk is ready to go, and finally, you can. XP virtual disk using this entry. XP VHD" {. vboot harddisk=(hd. If you don't want to manually edit grub. Note that you have to use Windows paths as input to vbootedit program. XP VHD" harddisk=c: \winxp. For Windows 2. 00. Windows 2. 00. 3" {. Windows 2. 00. 3" harddisk=c: \win. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 2" {. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 2" harddisk=c: \win. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 1" {. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 1" harddisk=c: \win. For Windows XP/2. You can also use the same vboot. F6 and select 6. 4- bit driver. F6. menuentry "Windows 2. Windows 2. 00. 3" harddisk=c: \win. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 2" {. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 2" harddisk=c: \win. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 1" {. Windows 2. 00. 3 Install Step 1" harddisk=c: \win. Install Windows 7/2. R2/Windows 8 3. 2- and 6. Once you have VBoot Loader installed, you can now proceed to install a fresh. On your host disk, create a virtual disk file. VBoot support VHD/VMDK/VDI. For example, you can use this command to create 4. G dynamic VHD. c: \vboot\tools\x. You can use /format. Edit and configure grub. You need to follow these two steps to install Windows 7/8 to. Note that you must adjust all of the paths. First step. menuentry "Windows 7 Install" {. Windows 7 Install" harddisk=c: \win. After you boot to this entry, you will see the normal Windows 7 setup screens as. Once you see the Install button, make sure to press Shift F1. You need to run the following command to load the VBoot. After this, you proceed the installation as usual. At one step, you need to. Windows 7 or Windows 8, make sure you select the. After reboot, your virtual disk is ready to go, and finally, you can boot. Windows 7 or Windows 8 virtual disk using this entry. Windows 7 VHD" {. Windows 7 VHD" harddisk=c: \win. Install Vista/2. 00. Once you have VBoot Loader installed, you can now proceed to install a fresh. On your host disk, create a virtual disk file. VBoot support VHD/VMDK/VDI. For example, you can use this command to create 4. G dynamic VHD. c: \vboot\tools\x. You can use /format. Edit and configure grub. You need to follow these 2 steps to install Vista to the. Note that you must adjust all of the paths. First step. menuentry "Vista Install" {. Vista Install" harddisk=c: \vista. After you boot to this entry, you will see the normal Vista setup screens as. Once you see the Install button, you need to click it first, then you will be. Shift F1. 0 key to launch the command window. You need to run the following command to load the VBoot virtual disk drivers. After this, you proceed the installation as usual. At one step, you need to. Vista, make sure you select the virtual disk, usually. After reboot, your virtual disk is ready to go, and finally, you can boot. Vista virtual disk using this entry. Vista VHD" {. vboot harddisk=(hd. Vista VHD" harddisk=c: \vista. Install Vista, 2. Windows 7, 2. 00. Windows 8 3. 2- and 6. First, boot your computer using the physical cdrom. Once you see the Install button, on Vista/2. Shift F1. 0 key to launch the command window. On Windows. R2, you can press Shift- F1. Install button. Once the command window appears, you need to run the following commands to. After this, you proceed the installation as usual. At one step, you need to. Windows, make sure you select the virtual disk, usually. After reboot, your virtual disk is ready to go, and finally, you can boot. Vista VHD" {. vboot harddisk=(hd. Vista VHD" harddisk=c: \vista. Install Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 2. To make the installation experience really simple, we have created a command line. You can simply run this command line using your Windows CD/DVD or. ISO file as input, by the end, you will have a bootable virtual disk file that. VBoot Loader, and boot to it. Microorganism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A microorganism (from the Greek: ОјО№ОєПЃПЊП‚, mikros, "small" and бЅЂПЃОіО±ОЅО№ПѓОјПЊП‚, organism. Гіs, "organism") is a microscopiclivingorganism, which may be single celled[1] or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology, a subject that began with the discovery of microorganisms in 1. A microorganism (from the Greek: μικρός, mikros, 'small' and ὀργανισμός, organismós, 'organism') is a microscopic living organism, which may be single celled [1] or multicellular. The study of microorganisms. Abstract. The synthesis, crystal structure and solid state properties of three different groups of magnetic organic–inorganic hybrid compounds are described and discussed. The reported examples are crystalline solids built. Comandanti; Capo di Stato Maggiore (CSM) Generale Dalbir Singh Suhag: Vice Capo di Stato Maggiore (VCSM) Tn. Gen. MMS Rai: Comandanti degni di nota: Feldmaresciallo K.M. Cariappa Feldmaresciallo Sam Manekshaw Generale K.S. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using a microscope of his own design. Microorganisms are very diverse and include all bacterial, archaean and most of the protozoan species on the planet. This group also contains some species of fungi, algae, and certain animals, such as rotifers. Data Structure By R S Salaria Pdf995The Milliarium Aureum (Classical Latin: [miːllɪˈaːrɪʊm ˈawrɛʊm], golden milestone) was a monument, probably of marble or gilded bronze, erected by the Emperor Caesar Augustus near the Temple of Saturn in the central. 99 12. Data Structure through C by Yashwant Kanekar, BPB Publications 13. Data Structure through C in depth by SK Srivastava, Deepali Srivastava, BPB Publications 14. Introduction to Data Structure and Algorithm with C++ by. Many macroscopic animals and plants have microscopic juvenile stages. Some microbiologists also classify viruses (and viroids) as microorganisms, but others consider these as nonliving.[2][3]Microorganisms live in every part of the biosphere, including soil, hot springs, "seven miles deep" in the ocean, "4. Earth's crust (see also endolith).[4] Microorganisms, under certain test conditions, have been observed to thrive in the vacuum of outer space.[5][6] The total amount of soil and subsurface bacterial carbon is estimated as 5 x 1. United Kingdom".[4] The mass of prokaryote microorganisms — which includes bacteria and archaea, but not the nucleated eukaryote microorganisms — may be as much as 0. On 1. 7 March 2. 01. Mariana Trench. the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans.[8][9] Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 5. United States,[8][1. Japan.[1. 1] On 2. August 2. 01. 4, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 8. Antarctica.[1. 2][1. According to one researcher, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."[8]Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. As some microorganisms can fix nitrogen, they are a vital part of the nitrogen cycle, and recent studies indicate that airborne microorganisms may play a role in precipitation and weather.[1. Microorganisms are also exploited in biotechnology, both in traditional food and beverage preparation, and in modern technologies based on genetic engineering. A small proportion of microorganisms are pathogenic and cause disease and even death in plants and animals.[1. Microorganisms are often referred to as microbes, but this is usually used in reference to pathogens. Evolution[edit]Single- celled microorganisms were the first forms of life to develop on Earth, approximately 3–4 billion years ago.[1. Further evolution was slow,[1. Precambrianeon, all organisms were microscopic.[2. So, for most of the history of life on Earth, the only forms of life were microorganisms.[2. Bacteria, algae and fungi have been identified in amber that is 2. Triassic period.[2. The newly discovered biological role played by nickel, however — especially that engendered by volcanic eruptions from the Siberian Traps (site of the modern city of Norilsk) — is thought to have accelerated the evolution of methanogens towards the end of the Permian–Triassic extinction event.[2. Microorganisms tend to have a relatively fast rate of evolution. Most microorganisms can reproduce rapidly, and bacteria are also able to freely exchange genes through conjugation, transformation and transduction, even between widely divergent species.[2. This horizontal gene transfer, coupled with a high mutation rate and many other means of genetic variation, allows microorganisms to swiftly evolve (via natural selection) to survive in new environments and respond to environmental stresses. This rapid evolution is important in medicine, as it has led to the recent development of "super- bugs", pathogenicbacteria that are resistant to modern antibiotics.[2. Pre- microbiology[edit]The possibility that microorganisms exist was discussed for many centuries before their discovery in the 1. The existence of unseen microbiological life was postulated by Jainism, which is based on Mahavira's teachings as early as 6th century BCE.[2. Paul Dundas notes that Mahavira asserted the existence of unseen microbiological creatures living in earth, water, air and fire.[2. The Jain scriptures also describe nigodas, which are sub- microscopic creatures living in large clusters and having a very short life, which are said to pervade every part of the universe, even the tissues of plants and animals.[2. The earliest known idea to indicate the possibility of diseases spreading by yet unseen organisms was that of the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro in a 1st- century BC book titled On Agriculture in which he warns against locating a homestead near swamps: … and because there are bred certain minute creatures that cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and they cause serious diseases.[2. In The Canon of Medicine (1. Ab. Е« Al. Д« ibn SД«n. ДЃ (Avicenna) hypothesized that tuberculosis and other diseases might be contagious.[3. In 1. 54. 6, Girolamo Fracastoro proposed that epidemicdiseases were caused by transferable seedlike entities that could transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. All these early claims about the existence of microorganisms were speculative and while grounded on indirect observations, they were not based on direct observation of microorganisms or systematized empirical investigation, e. Microorganisms were neither proven, observed, nor accurately described until the 1. The reason for this was that all these early studies lacked the microscope. History of microorganisms' discovery[edit]Louis Pasteur showed that Spallanzani's findings held even if air could enter through a filter that kept particles out. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1. Robert Hooke, a contemporary of Leeuwenhoek, also used microscopes to observe microbial life; his 1. Micrographia describes these observations and coined the term cell. Before Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microorganisms in 1. Leeuwenhoek did not make the connection between these processes and microorganisms, but using a microscope, he did establish that there were signs of life that were not visible to the naked eye.[3. Leeuwenhoek's discovery, along with subsequent observations by Spallanzani and Pasteur, ended the long- held belief that life spontaneously appeared from non- living substances during the process of spoilage. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1. He also found that new microorganisms could only settle in a broth if the broth was exposed to air. Louis Pasteur (1. Spallanzani's findings by exposing boiled broths to the air, in vessels that contained a filter to prevent all particles from passing through to the growth medium, and also in vessels with no filter at all, with air being admitted via a curved tube that would not allow dust particles to come in contact with the broth. By boiling the broth beforehand, Pasteur ensured that no microorganisms survived within the broths at the beginning of his experiment. Nothing grew in the broths in the course of Pasteur's experiment. This meant that the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as spores on dust, rather than spontaneously generated within the broth. Thus, Pasteur dealt the death blow to the theory of spontaneous generation and supported germ theory. In 1. 87. 6, Robert Koch (1. He found that the blood of cattle which were infected with anthrax always had large numbers of Bacillus anthracis. Koch found that he could transmit anthrax from one animal to another by taking a small sample of blood from the infected animal and injecting it into a healthy one, and this caused the healthy animal to become sick. He also found that he could grow the bacteria in a nutrient broth, then inject it into a healthy animal, and cause illness. Based on these experiments, he devised criteria for establishing a causal link between a microorganism and a disease and these are now known as Koch's postulates.[3. Although these postulates cannot be applied in all cases, they do retain historical importance to the development of scientific thought and are still being used today.[3. On 8 November 2. 01. Earth—the oldest complete fossils of a microbial mat (associated with sandstone in Western Australia) estimated to be 3. Classification and structure[edit]Microorganisms can be found almost anywhere in the taxonomic organization of life on the planet. Bacteria and archaea are almost always microscopic, while a number of eukaryotes are also microscopic, including most protists, some fungi, as well as some animals and plants. Viruses are generally regarded as not living and therefore not considered as microorganisms, although the field of microbiology also encompasses the study of viruses. Prokaryotes[edit]Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a cell nucleus and the other membrane bound organelles. They are almost always unicellular, although some species such as myxobacteria can aggregate into complex structures as part of their life cycle. Consisting of two domains, bacteria and archaea, the prokaryotes are the most diverse and abundant group of organisms on Earth and inhabit practically all environments where the temperature is below +1. В°C. They are found in water, soil, air, animals' gastrointestinal tracts, hot springs and even deep beneath the Earth's crust in rocks.[4. Practically all surfaces that have not been specially sterilized are covered by prokaryotes. The number of prokaryotes on Earth is estimated to be around five million trillion trillion, or 5 Г— 1. Earth.[4. 1]Bacteria[edit]Almost all bacteria are invisible to the naked eye, with a few extremely rare exceptions, such as Thiomargarita namibiensis.[4. They lack a nucleus and other membrane- bound organelles, and can function and reproduce as individual cells, but often aggregate in multicellular colonies.[4. Their genome is usually a single loop of DNA, although they can also harbor small pieces of DNA called plasmids. How should salinity influence fish growth? Development and growth (continuous in fish) are controlled by ‘internal factors’ including CNS, endocrinological and neuroendocrinological systems. Among vertebrates, they also are highly dependent on environmental conditions. Among other factors, many studies have reported an influence of water salinity on fish development and growth. In most species, egg fertilization and incubation, yolk sac resorption, early embryogenesis, swimbladder inflation, larval growth are dependent on salinity. In larger fish, salinity is also a key factor in controlling growth. Do the changes in growth rate, that depend on salinity, result from an action on: (1) standard metabolic rate; (2) food intake; (3) food conversion; and/or (4) hormonal stimulation? Better growth at intermediate salinities (8–2. Numerous studies have shown that 2. However, recent ones indicate that the osmotic cost is not as high (roughly 1. Data are also available in terms of food intake and stimulation of food conversion, which are both dependent on the environmental salinity. Temperature and salinity have complex interactions. Many hormones are known to be active in both osmoregulation and growth regulation, e. All of these factors are reviewed. As often, multiple causality is likely to be at work and the interactive effects of salinity on physiology and behaviour must also be taken into account. Copyright © 2. 00. Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. Odessa Dr, Plano, TX 7. MLS #1. 32. 87. 98. Div": "gpt- ad- 8. Odessa Dr","bd": "3","fsbid": "1. Find Odessa Texas Homes for Sale and TX Real Estate at Keller Williams Realty. Why use Zillow? Zillow helps you find the newest Odessa real estate listings. By analyzing information on thousands of single family homes for sale in Odessa, Texas. Plano","proptp": "sfh","vers": "SHO_HDP_lightbox: HDP_IN_LIGHTBOX,HDP_Photo. Wall: ON_W_MAPTILE,ADS_Tagless: Control,ADS_STICKY_3.
Complete Domestic and International ZIP code list by Douglas Boynton Quine. Links are provided to other Philatelic / Postal Web Sites by Douglas Boynton Quine. View 26 photos of this $184,900, 3 bed, 2.0 bath, 1451 sqft single family home located at 4448 Odessa Dr, Plano, TX 75093 built in 1985. MLS # 13287986.ON","pid": "2. 66. TX","pis": "1","cnty": "Collin","park": "yes","prange": "1. ISdsuyleww. 25w. 30. Expenses. Ads"}{"target. Div": "gpt- ad- 8. Odessa Dr","bd": "3","fsbid": "1. Plano","proptp": "sfh","vers": "SHO_HDP_lightbox: HDP_IN_LIGHTBOX,HDP_Photo. Wall: ON_W_MAPTILE,ADS_Tagless: Control,ADS_STICKY_3. ON","pid": "2. 66. TX","pis": "1","cnty": "Collin","park": "yes","prange": "1. ISdsuyleww. 25w. 30. Expenses. Ads"}{"target. Div": "gpt- ad- 2d. Odessa Dr","bd": "3","fsbid": "1. Plano","proptp": "sfh","vers": "SHO_HDP_lightbox: HDP_IN_LIGHTBOX,HDP_Photo. Wall: ON_W_MAPTILE,ADS_Tagless: Control,ADS_STICKY_3. ON","pid": "2. 66. 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